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Published: 2004/08/23 17:06:55 GMT New Arab cinema tells intimate stories | |||||||
Filmgoers in London are getting the chance to see what a new generation of Arab film-makers have to say. The UK's national film theatre is hosting a festival of contemporary Arab films.
You see her smoking, you see her drinking; you see her naked; then you see her having sex - fully clothed - in a doorway. Then you see her naked again. Now, be honest, is this really what you expected from an Arab film festival? According to Mona Tayara-Deeley, the film festival's curator, the main change in Arab cinema is that directors have decided to tell small, intimate stories instead of flag-waving or political issues. "They're really focusing on the point that people in the Middle East are living lives like everyone else - love, friendship, boredom, entertainment - it's just that the context they live in is different." Arab films lagging behind Many of the films in this festival are being seen in the UK for the first time. And while the names of Iranian film-makers like Kiarostami or Makhmalbalf are now familiar to western film-lovers, the new generation of Arab directors don't seem to have made quite such an impact.
Omar al-Qattan is a Palestinian film director based in London. His film, Canticle of the Stones, is showing in the festival. He says Iran has been able to survive so well because it is a unified country, with a unified language - and a well-funded network of cinemas and distribution outlets. By contrast, he says, the Arab world is anything but unified, and its cinemas have largely closed down - because of the video revolution, because of lack of investment and censorship. This makes it very difficult for film-makers like him. "When you don't have a domestic market - a market that speaks the language of the film, that's naturally interested in the subject matter of the film - when that market is weak, and the Arab market is weak, it's a massive handicap for any filmmaker, because you're pleading your case for funding with international backers not the natural domestic market." 'Money in TV' Egypt has the only real film industry in the Arab world. In its heyday during the 1960s and 70s, it was state subsidised and producing influential films about politics and the grittier side of Egyptian life.
Emad Abdulrazik, a film critic based in Washington, says all the money these days is going to television. "The TV industry is enjoying a lot of subsidy from the state, and from the private sector as well. A lot of movie-makers cannot make movies any more. You know what they do? They do video clips. Or if they're lucky, they do soap operas for TV." Without a strong domestic industry to fall back on, Arab film-makers - from Tunisia, Lebanon, the Palestinian Territories - often rely on western co-productions to get their films made. But for those like Omar al-Qattan, who have stuck to debating the big political issues of the region, the problems don't always end there. "My films have been banned or censored in various Arab countries," he says. "But there are different kinds of censorship here. In a way, they're harder to resist because the person imposing them, usually a commissioning editor, has much more power over you than a remote government. "It may not be a case of someone saying, 'you can't say this', but - which in a way is more pernicious - you may be told that you may say this but you may not say it in this way, or at that particular time of the night, or in this particular form." Aside from the politics, and the economics, there are cultural reasons why many Arab film-makers find it hard to distribute their films - even across the Middle East. Because the Arabic spoken in Tunisian films for example is different to that spoken by Egyptians or Syrians, or because the lifestyles presented in one Arab country mean nothing to film-goers in another. |
June 28 issue - For more than 150 years, literary sleuths have questioned whether William Shakespearea man with a grammar-school education, at bestcould possibly have penned some of the greatest works in the English language. "You can be born with intelligence, but you can't be born with book learning," says Mark Rylance, Shakespearean actor and artistic director of the Globe Theatre in London. But if Shakespeare didn't write the plays, who did? Dozens of candidates have been proposed, most of them men. But at a conference of the Shakespearean Authorship Trust in London next week, American writer Robin Williams will argue that the true bard was a womanMary Sidney Herbert, the Countess of Pembroke.
In short, Mary Sidney had the motive, means and opportunity to write the plays. At her home in Wiltshire, she fostered a literary circle whose mission was to elevate English literaturea strong motive. Gary Waller, a Sidney scholar at Purchase College in New York, has called her salon "a seedbed of literary revolution" and Sidney herself "the first major female literary figure in England." With her vast library, education and command of foreign languages, Sidney also had the means to create the works. And with her extensive connections in the literary world, she had opportunity to smuggle the plays to theater companies. Perhaps it's just coincidence, but the first eight Shakespeare plays were published anonymously"and three of them," says Williams, "provocatively note on the title page that they were produced by Pembroke's Men, the acting company that Mary Sidney and her husband sponsored."
Sidney-as-Bard would solve a number of riddles, argues Williams. It would explain why Shakespeare wrote love sonnets to a younger man. (Sidney had a younger lover, Matthew Lister.) It could clarify why the first compilation of Shakespeare's plays, the First Folio of 1623, was dedicated to the earls of Pembroke and Montgomery (her sons). And it would explain Ben Jonson's First Folio eulogy to the "sweet swan of Avon." Sidney had an estate on the River Avonand her personal symbol was the swan. "There are swans in the lace collar and cuffs of her last portrait," Williams notes.
Even her dates dovetail with Shakespeare'swhich is more than one can say of some of the other candidates. Edward de Vere, widely regarded as the leading contender, died 12 years before Shakespeare, requiring a revisionist chronology of the plays. And to embrace Christopher Marlowe, one has to believe that he faked his murder in 1593 and escaped to the European continent. "But there is growing evidence for this," says Michael Frohnsdorff, head of the Marlowe Society, add-ing that a new commemorative window in Westminster Abbey gives Marlowe's dates as "1564-1593?" Sidney's are more straightforward. She was born three years before Shakespeare and died five years after. When she suffered a series of personal losses, the plays turned darker. "It all fits," says Williams.
Case closed? Not yet. As intriguing as Williams's argument is, her evidence is circumstantial. Proof, says Sidney biographer Margaret Hannay, "would require things like letters from contemporaries praising 'Mary Sidney's Hamlet'." Until that proof turns up, scholars will stand by the man from Stratford. But that won't stop mystery lovers from trying to unseat him. The intrigue could prove as immortal as the works of the Bardwhoever he or she really was.
My fee? A role in the film please Ross Davies The Times Higher Education Supplement -Published: 21 May 2004 | |
Ross Davies talks to this year's star turns - academic consultants. "This is the difficulty - this is where we sometimes have to compromise with historical reality," declares Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones. "This" is the uncovering of Angelina Jolie, normally a matter of routine in the actress' films, but not, according to Llewellyn-Jones, in Oliver Stone's forthcoming Alexander, a Hollywood life of the compulsive Macedonian conqueror. For him, it is an academic-cum-professional issue if Jolie, who plays Olympia, Alexander's mother, reveals so much as her expensive face in this role. "An actress like Angelina Jolie cannot be expected to veil her face," Llewellyn-Jones concedes, but he adds: "The ladies of ancient Greece were as likely to cover up as those of Alexander the Great's Persian opponents." Llewellyn-Jones is a lecturer in classics and ancient history at Exeter University and an expert on Greek and Persian dress. He is also one of the small band of historians enjoying a spell in the limelight as advisers on the current crop of "sword and sandal" films. The house lights dim for Alexander on November 5, when Colin Farrell will sally forth to conquer much of the known world, including Rosario Dawson's Roxanne. Those pretend-Persian extras who escape Farrell's sword may soon be in for a drubbing from Leonardo DiCaprio. If, that is, Baz Luhrmann secures financing for his version of Alexander, which he promises will be "the world's biggest road movie". Then there is Wolfgang Petersen's Troy, on general release this week and starring Brad Pitt and Orlando Bloom. At least one Hannibal film, a Cleopatra and a brace of Boadiceas/Boudiccas is also in the pipeline. Investors' and audiences' interest in sword and sandal films began to flicker after the Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor Cleopatra of 1963 - four hours long, way over budget and, according to one critic, "more block than buster". The genre, Llewellyn-Jones argues, is being reinvented because our world, like Alexander's, is "divided by East-West conflict". The Athens Olympics may also be a factor this year. Llewellyn-Jones credits Ridley Scott with reviving interest in the genre with the commercial success of his 2000 film Gladiator, which he hopes to reprise next year with Kingdom of Heaven, a film set during the Crusades. Llewellyn-Jones dismisses Gladiator as "hokum, fantasy", adding that Stone may have unveiled Jolie, but at least there are no scantily clad slave girls in the Cecil B. DeMille tradition. Still, film consultancy sounds nice work if you can get it, so how do you get it? In Llewellyn-Jones' case, he was "discovered" while lecturing at the British Museum with Robin Lane Fox, reader in ancient history at Oxford and author of the 1973 book Alexander the Great. He was working on Alexander and asked Llewellyn-Jones if he might be interested. Lane Fox made a BBC film about his experience advising Stone called Charging for Alexander. The title relates to Lane Fox's stipulation in his contract that he should be among the first 15 horsemen in any Macedonian cavalry charge. Whether the footage survives editing remains to be seen. Stone credits Lane Fox's book with being his "main guide" on the historical aspects of his film. "He didn't say he would always take my advice," says Lane Fox. "I respect that - he's a film-maker." The consultancy quickly grew in scope, ranging from late-night calls on whether Ancient Greeks flossed, to weightier discussions on Alexander's battle plans. As to whose history triumphs, Lane Fox's or Stone's, the academic is diplomatic. Stone's interpretation is "very strong" but "not necessarily wrong". Llewellyn-Jones says Stone has striven for a documentary-standard realism in matters of dress as far as he can, even where reference material is often non-existent, vague or contradictory. And he doesn't play fast and loose with known facts in the plot. But he adds: "Stone is interested in conspiracy theories, and some of the themes you find in his other historical films will no doubt rear their head again in Alexander." He will not be drawn on who kills Alexander in the film, but says: "Among academics, the jury is still out on how Alexander died. I think Alexander was probably poisoned. Macedonian generals could have done it, members of the clergy or Persian nobility - there are even bickering wives and lovers." Lesley Fitton, curator of Greek Bronze Age antiquities at the British Museum and author of The Discovery of the Greek Bronze Age and Minoans, says film-makers want historical advisers to give them "confidence, a safety net - somebody there who will freak if they do something totally weird and anachronistic". The museum has launched a "Greek Summer" exhibition to coincide with the release of Troy. This includes a display on the ancient Olympics and another, "Troy re-told", on how different interpretations of a story, which began as oral history retold by Homer 500 years after the event, sometimes come into conflict with archaeological evidence. Fitton's consultancy on Troy began with a simple query about the type of script that should go on an ancient map, and then grew into wider questions to do with gods, gesture and ritual. It ended with Fitton flying out for a week's filming in Malta in return for a donation to the museum. She admires Gladiator - and Troy - not as a historic reconstruction, but as "a good film which tells a good story, and might therefore interest people in the history of its period". For this reason, she is not among those purists who, she expects, "may have 10 million blue fits" when Troy ends on a distinctly unHomeric note. Helen isn't restored to husband Menelaus in Sparta, but walks off into the sunset with Paris, who somehow isn't killed at Troy after all. "A lot of people have said to me, 'How can you even remotely be associated with a film that takes such dreadful liberties?' I just turn round, rather naughtily, and say, 'Well, if Shakespeare had asked me to be an adviser on Troilus and Cressida, I dare say I would have done, although that's an entirely invented medieval addition to the Troy myth, as is Chaucer's.'" |
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